12TH SCIENCE SYLLABUS

1 

Electric Charges and Fields 

Electric Charges; Conductors and Insulators; Charging by Induction; Basic Properties of Electric Charge; Coulomb’s Law; Forces between Multiple Charges; Electric Field; Electric Field Lines; Electric Flux; Electric Dipole; Dipole in a Uniform External Field 

2 

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 

Electrostatic Potential; Potential Difference; Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge; Potential Due to an Electric Dipole; Potential Due to a System of Charges; Equipotential Surfaces; Potential Energy of a System of Charges; Conductors and Electrostatic Shielding; Dielectrics and Polarisation; Capacitors and Capacitance; The Parallel Plate Capacitor; Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance; Combination of Capacitors; Energy Stored in a Capacitor 

3 

Current
Electricity 

Electric Current; Electric Currents in Conductors; Ohm’s Law; Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity; Limitations of Ohm’s Law; Resistivity of Various Materials; Temperature Dependence of Resistivity; Electrical Energy, Power; Combination of Resistors – Series and Parallel; Cells, EMF, Internal Resistance; Cells in Series and in Parallel; Kirchhoff’s Laws; Wheatstone Bridge; Meter Bridge; Potentiometer – Principle and its Applications 

4 

Moving Charges and
Magnetism 

Concept of Magnetic Field, Oersted’s Experiment; Biot – Savart Law and its application; Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop; Ampere’s Circuital Law and its applications; Straight and Toroidal Solenoids (only qualitative treatment), Force on a Moving Charge in Uniform Magnetic and Electric Fields; Cyclotron 

5 

Magnetism and Matter 

The Bar Magnet; Magnetic Field Lines; Earth’s Magnetic Field and Magnetic Elements; Torque on a Magnetic Dipole; Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity; Magnetic Properties of Materials; Dia-, Para- and Ferro - magnetic Substances; Magnetic Field due to a Magnetic Dipole; Behaviour of a Bar Magnet in a Uniform Magnetic Field; Deflection Magnetometer and its use 

6 

Electromagnetic Induction 

Electromagnetic Induction; Faraday’s Laws, Induced EMF and Current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy Currents; Self and Mutual Induction; Alternating Currents, Peak and RMS Value of Alternating Current/ Voltage; Reactance and Impedance; LC Oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR Series Circuit, Resonance; Power in AC Circuits, Wattless Current 

7 

Alternating
Current 

AC voltage applied to a resistor, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit, Power consumed by a resistor, power consumed by an inductor, power consumed by a capacitor, power factor, LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), transformer 

8 

Electromagnetic Waves 

Displacement Current and Maxwell’s Equations; Electromagnetic Waves and their Characteristics (qualitative ideas only); Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves; Electromagnetic Spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses 

9 

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 

Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors; Refraction; Total Internal Reflection and its Applications; Deviation and Dispersion of Light by a Prism; Lens Formula; Magnification; Power of a Lens; Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact; Refraction and Disp 

10 

Wave Optics 

Wavefront and Huygens' Principle, Laws of Reflection and Refraction using Huygens' Principle, Interference of Light, Young's Double Slit Experiment, Diffraction of Light, Polarisation of Light 

11 

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 

Electron Emission, Photoelectric Effect, Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect, Einstein's Photoelectric Equation, Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation, Matter Waves, Davisson-Germer Experiment 

12 

Atoms 

Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford's Nuclear Model of Atom, Atomic Spectra, Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom, de Broglie's Explanation of Bohr's Quantization Condition, The Wave Nature of Matter, Davisson-Germer Experiment 

13 

Nuclei 

Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus, Size of Nucleus, Nuclear Force, Radioactivity, Nuclear Energy 

14 

Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits 

Classification of Materials into Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators, Intrinsic Semiconductor, Extrinsic Semiconductor, p-n Junction, Semiconductor Diode, Diode as a Rectifier, Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes: LED, Photodiode, Solar Cell, Zener Diode, Transistor 

1 

The Solid State 

General characteristics of solid state, amorphous and crystalline solids, etc. 

2 

Solutions 

Types of solutions, solubility, concentration, colligative properties, etc. 

3 

Electrochemistry 

Redox reactions, electrochemical cells, Faraday's laws, conductance, etc. 

4 

Chemical Kinetics 

Rate of chemical reaction, factors affecting reaction rates, integrated
rate equations, etc. 

5 

Surface Chemistry 

Adsorption, catalysis, colloids, emulsions, etc. 

6 

General Principles and
Processes of Isolation
of Elements 

Occurrence of metals, extraction of crude metals, refining, etc. 

7 

The p-Block Elements 

Group 15 to 18 elements, trends in properties, preparation, properties and uses of important compounds, etc. 

8 

The d- and f-Block Elements 

Properties of transition elements, preparation, properties and uses of important compounds, inner transition elements, etc. 

9 

Coordination Compounds 

Werner's theory, nomenclature, isomerism, bonding, magnetic properties, etc. 

10 

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 

Classification, nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, environmental effects, etc. 

11 

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 

Classification, nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, etc. 

12 

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 

Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, etc. 

13 

Amines 

Classification, nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, etc. 

14 

Biomolecules 

Carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, vitamins, etc. 

15 

Polymers 

Classification, types of polymerization, molecular mass, biodegradable polymers, etc. 

16 

Chemistry in Everyday Life 

Drugs and their classification, drug-target interaction, therapeutic action, chemical principles involved in the preparation of medicines, etc. 

1 

Relations and Functions 

Types of relations and functions, composition of functions, invertible functions, binary operations, inverse trigonometric functions and their properties 

2 

Inverse Trigonometric Functions 

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch, properties and graphs of inverse trigonometric functions 

3 

Matrices 

Types of matrices, operations on matrices, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices, elementary operations, inverse of a matrix, properties of determinants, adjoint and inverse of a square matrix, consistency and inconsistency of equations 

4 

Determinants 

Introduction to determinants, properties of determinants, minors and cofactors, applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle 

5 

Continuity and Differentiability 

Continuity and differentiability of functions, algebra of continuous functions, mean value theorem, Rolle's theorem, theorems on increasing and decreasing functions, theorems on differentiability, maxima and minima of a function, rate of change of quantities, tangents and normals, approximation of small errors 

6 

Application of Derivatives 

Applications of derivatives in various fields, rate of change of quantities, increasing and decreasing functions, tangents and normals, maxima and minima, Rolle's theorem and mean value theorem 

7 

Integrals 

Integration as an inverse process of differentiation, integration of simple and composite functions, integration by substitution and by parts, integration using partial fractions, definite integrals and their properties, fundamental theorem of calculus, evaluation of definite integrals by substitution, properties of definite integrals 

8 

Application of Integrals 

Integration as an inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals, definite integrals and their properties, fundamental theorem of calculus, evaluation of definite integrals, application of definite integrals in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles, parabolas; area between any of the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable). 

9 

Differential Equations 

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Formation of differential equations whose general solution is given. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type: dy/dx + py = q, where p and q are functions of x or constants. Bernoulli’s differential equation and its solution. 

10 

Vector Algebra 

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple product of vectors. 

11 

Three Dimensional Geometry 

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane. 

12 

Linear Programming 

Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded or unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints). 

13 

Probability 

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability, Baye’s theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance of a probability distribution, repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution. 

Reproduction 

1 

Reproduction in Organisms 

Asexual Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction, Pre-Fertilization Events, Fertilization, Post-Fertilization Events, Reproductive Health. 

2 

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 

Flower Structure, Development of Male and Female Gametophytes, Pollination, Fertilization, Post-Fertilization Events, Apomixis and Polyembryony. 

3 

Human Reproduction 

Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Menstrual Cycle, Gametogenesis, Fertilization, Implantation, Pregnancy and Embryonic Development, Parturition and Lactation, Assisted Reproductive Technologies. 

4 

Reproductive Health 

Need for Reproductive Health and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), Birth Control – Need and Methods, Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP), Amniocentesis, and Crispr-Cas9. 

Genetics and Evolution 

5 

Principles of Inheritance and Variation 

Mendelian Inheritance, Deviations from Mendelism, Inheritance of Genes in Linked Genes, Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, Sex Determination, Mutation, Genetic Disorders. 

6 

Molecular Basis of Inheritance 

Search for Genetic Material, DNA as Genetic Material, Structure of DNA, Packaging of DNA Helix, Replication, Transcription, Genetic Code, Translation, Regulation of Gene Expression. 

7 

Evolution 

Origin of Life, Evolution of Life Forms, Evolution by Stages, Human Evolution. 

Biology and Human Welfare 

8 

Human Health and Diseases 

Common Diseases in Humans, Immunity, AIDS, Cancer, Drugs and Alcohol Abuse. 

9 

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 

Improvement in Crop Yields, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Beekeeping, Silviculture. 

10 

Microbes in Human Welfare 

Microbes in Household Products, Industrial Production, Sewage Treatment, Biogas Production, Biocontrol Agents and Biofertilizers. 

Biotechnology and its Applications 

11 

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes 

Principles of Biotechnology, Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology, Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), DNA Sequencing, Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Applications of Biotechnology. 

12 

Biotechnology and its Applications 

Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture, Biotechnological Applications in Medicine, Transgenic Animals, Ethical Issues in Biotechnology. 

Ecology and Environment 

13 

Organisms and Populations 

Organisms and Environment, Populations, Population Growth, Population Interactions. 

14 

Ecosystem 

Ecosystems: Patterns, Components, and Functioning, Energy Flow, and Nutrient Cycles. 

15 

Biodiversity and Conservation 

Biodiversity, Types of Biodiversity, Biodiversity Conservation, Hotspots, Threats to Biodiversity, Endangered and Endemic Species of India, Red Data Book. 

16 

Environmental Issues 

Air Pollution and its Control, Water Pollution and Environment Studies.